While there is no single universal standard, many countries and regions adhere to international frameworks and their own national regulations. The most commonly referenced international standards are from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC provides comprehensive guidelines on cable design, testing, and installation, including best practices for underground applications. Many national standards (such as BS EN in Europe and various national electrical codes) are based on or aligned with these IEC standards, ensuring a high degree of safety and quality across global markets.