In the realm of research and development, microwaves and lasers are the two primary technologies being explored for potential long-distance wireless power transfer.

• Microwave power transmission: This method involves converting electricity into microwaves, which are then beamed from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna (called a rectenna). Microwaves can carry large amounts of power, but the technology faces challenges with efficiency loss over distance and the sheer size of the antennas required for high-power transfer.

• Laser power transmission: This method converts electricity into a focused laser beam, which is then aimed at a photovoltaic receiver (similar to a solar panel) that converts the light back into electricity. While lasers offer a more concentrated beam, they are limited by atmospheric conditions (such as fog, rain, and dust) and pose significant safety concerns due to their concentrated energy.

These technologies are still largely confined to laboratory settings and niche applications like powering satellites or drones. They do not have the efficiency, reliability, or safety standards required for the large-scale grids that supply power to cities and industries.