Answer: Several factors must be considered to ensure the safety and reliability of overhead lines. The primary factors affecting conductor tension are:

• Conductor Weight: The weight per unit length of the conductor is a fundamental factor. The total weight can increase significantly with the addition of ice or snow.

• Span Length: The horizontal distance between supports (span) has a squared relationship with sag, meaning longer spans result in greater sag and tension.

• Temperature: Temperature changes cause conductors to expand and contract. As the temperature rises, the conductor length increases, and tension decreases, leading to greater sag. Conversely, a drop in temperature causes the conductor to shorten, increasing tension and reducing sag.

• Wind and Ice Loading: These external weather conditions apply additional mechanical stress on the conductor. Wind pressure and ice accumulation increase the effective weight and horizontal forces, directly impacting tension and sag.

• Support Levels: When towers are at different elevations, the sag and tension calculations become more complex, as the lowest point of the conductor may not be at the midpoint of the span.