The total pulling tension is not a simple value; it is the cumulative force generated by several factors along the entire length of the pull. The primary factors include:

• Cable Weight and Length: The longer and heavier the cable, the more force is required to move it. This is the baseline tension for any pull.

• Coefficient of Friction: This is the resistance created by the cable rubbing against the inside of the conduit or duct. Using a professional-grade pulling lubricant is the most effective way to reduce this friction. For bends, the coefficient of friction acts as a multiplier, meaning a small change in friction can result in a massive increase in tension.

• Route and Bends: The number and angle of bends in the route have the most significant impact on tension. Each bend adds resistance, and tension is compounded at every turn. Pulling a cable through a series of 90-degree bends requires exponentially more force than a straight run.

• Sidewall Pressure: As a cable is pulled through a bend, the tension pushes it against the inside wall of the conduit. This sidewall pressure must not exceed the cable's limits, as it can crush or damage the cable's insulation.