Substations are classified based on their role in the power grid. The two main types are:

• Transmission Substations: These are large, high-voltage stations located near power plants or along major transmission corridors. They use step-up transformers to increase the voltage for long-distance transmission or step down the voltage to connect to the sub-transmission network.

• Distribution Substations: These are smaller, more numerous stations located near neighborhoods and industrial areas. They take power from the transmission grid and use step-down transformers to lower the voltage to a level safe for local distribution to homes and businesses.

While types vary, the key components of almost every substation include:

• Transformers: The most important component, used to change voltage levels.

• Circuit Breakers: Used to interrupt current flow to protect against faults.

• Busbars: Conductors that connect the various circuits and components within the substation.

• Isolators: Switches used to physically isolate equipment for maintenance.

• Insulators: Devices that provide electrical insulation for the conductors.